They Called It Brotherhood

Nolli me tangere he Noli me tangere 1 is a novel compose by Jose Rizal , and make in 1887 , in EuropeNoli me tangere, meaning dont encounter me / touch me not, is the Latin version of words spoken, according to John 2017, by Jesus to Mary Magdalene when she recognizes him after his resurrection. El filibusterismo El filibusterismo (lit. Spanish for The Filibustering1), also known by its English alternate title The endure of Greed,2 is the second novel written by Philippine national champion Jose Rizal.It is the sequel to Noli Me Tangere and like the first book, was written in Spanish. It was first published in 1891 in Ghent, Belgium. Throughout the Philippines, the novel is read in senior high schools. Uncle Toms Cabin or, Life Among the Lowly is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel helped lay the groundpiece of work for the elegant War, according to Will Kaufman 1. Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910) PeriodicalsEl Renac imiento-founded in Manila by Rafael Palma in 1901 Philippines Free Press-established in Manila in 1905 by R. McCollugh dig and Dr. Theo Rogers Poetry Sursum Corda (lift up your hearts) indite by Justo Juliano in 1907, was the first work to be published in English, appeared in Renacimiento My Mother and her Air Castles Written by Jan F. Salazar in 1909 Also published in Renacimiento To my Lady in Laoag By Proceso Sebastian in 1909 Drama -R. I. P (1902) -Walang Sugat (Zarsuela) Sigalot ng mga Filipino at mga amerikano (1898) -Los Ramitos de Flores (Flowered Boughs), 1908 written by Severino Reyes -Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (1902) -Bagong Kristo (1907) by Aurelio Tolentino fableal Prose -Maring (1908) -Buhay (1909) by Aurelio Tolentino Non Fiction Prose -La Punta de Salto ( the place of the origin) written by Macario Adriatico 2. Period of Imitation (1910-1925) Essayists of this time were Carlos p. Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo, Mauro Mendez, Vicente Hilario

Warning People about the Approaching Hurricane

Good morning,to alone but actually whats so good almost this morning.I concord specially aired this to say a few words about Hurricane Irene, urge Americans to take it seriously.I will also brief youll about roughly dos and donts that youll pose to follow.As youll know at that place were heavy rains and harsh winds smashing in New York and New island of jersey and there was a deluge yesterday on Sunday.The hurricane stirred up to 7 foot wavesTherfore I decl be that the streets,subways and homes of New York and New Jersey have to get emptied.The mickle have to move to safe hangout beas, where I insure youll there will be protection.I have also spoken to all the governors who will then brief youll in detail.The death toll is also raising, there were 46 deaths yesterday. 25 people have died collect to topples treeand other hurricane related incidents.Thus, it is my humble request to all of you to not take it lightly and be cautious. We will also keep people posted to keep a watch on the hurricane.According the hold out reporters there is going to high tide which will cause flooding Tuesday, so please stay indoors and inform your friends,family members and your close one.Due to this we argon also postponing three Major League Soccer games.45 flights have been canceled due to the hurricane.If you are in the projected path of this hurricane, you have to take precautions,be mobile now.Dont wait.Dont delay.We all hope for the best, but we have to be prepared for the worst.So if youre in the way of this hurricane, you should be preparing now.I want youll to turn caution by seeing updates on the television and listening to the radio.There are some safety measures that youll have to take-Secure your homes with closed storm shut or even card board would be okay.Avoid employ your phones,only if in an emergency.If unable to evacuate stay indoors.Stay in a wind free roomLie down under a table or any other sturdy object.Listen to instructions given by local officials.Know your evacuation routine.Keep a supply kit.Turn off propane tanks.Last but not the to the lowest degree please do not panic,stay calm, patient and cool.If in need presage on 911.I am sure youll want to be safe.isnt it?Your townspeoplesfolk mayors will provide youll with water, food and blankets if in need.Each family in each town will be given a given a written matter of the emergency route and a paper with all the important enumerate and guidelines.Let all be united, cooperating and brave to overcome this hurdle together,just resembling last time during Hurricane Katrina. Let not get scared of the hurricane by following all instructions and the safety measures.Lets see all the cities that are getting affected back to their normal.Do what to be safe?If yes, be cooperating as even we are doing our best to keep you,you and you safe.

How Do People Fall into Debt? Essay

Debt in society is an overwhelming stress cypher for many individuals and families. I know that I am one of those individuals and throw away been for years now. I made a plentifulness of stupid mistakes when I was younger and now that I pitch a family, it unfortunately is effecting me hush today. So how do people fall into debt? at that place be some(prenominal) contributors the like job loss, family, illnesses, curt judgment and management. I leave behind go over effects and consequences, solutions, and prevention people go through and what stairs to take to avoid and take control of your debt.Effects and consequences of being in debt fuel be a long term and severe bribe for an individual or family. This can cause an individual to become unfeignedly depressed and pick up on drinking or may possibly start using drugs because they feel they have no former(a) way to cope with it. You observe yourself living paycheck to paycheck because your hebdomadary budget no longer exists and your credit is maxed where no other bills become avail equal to(p). As things get tighter, the ability to keep paying decreases and to a greater extent than debt increases. It could become so severe that it may affect your personal relationships with family, friends and operative other where your family no longer wants to associate with you. This could be because you are continuously begging for money or your problems are too overmuch for your family to handle. Your of import other may not be able to handle the event either because it is just as a heavy burden on him or her as it is on yourself.Effects and consequences of not being able to pay your debt is you start losing things. Your house can be forec stomachd on, cars repossessed and extracurricular things like boats and recreational vehicles can be taken away. You can get your pay stumble garnished if you have defaulted on certain loans, or even go into revenue enhancement collection for not paying your pro perty taxes. When and if you can start acquire out of the red and into the black, your credit score could be highly naturalized and will prevent you from acquiring any new credit loans. certain(a) employers run credit checks and if you do not clear their standards, you can lose your job or it can affect any futureemployment.Solutions can be created to admirer you get okay on your feet and become debt free. It for sure is not an overnight fix and will take some magazine possibly. One proposal is to attend a consumer credit counseling class. This is where a counselling can sit down with you and review all of your debt. They will help you set up a budget and work on decreasing your debt over time. They also suggest seminars and workshops that can better fix you on managing your money and debt. You can find a topical anesthetic counselor through the yellow pages or online. Another approach is bankruptcy which is more(prenominal) severe but necessary to clearing your plate and getting a new start. It takes a total of 7 to 10 years to fully have this removed off your credit but if you are spontaneous to wait and can mentally handle what this entails, you should consider this option. Any local attorney with specialty in bankruptcy can review your debt and help finalize.If you have retirement accounts, savings accounts, bonds, life insurance you can shut out these out and apply the money to your debt. If you have family that is willing to help, you may be able to obtain a small loan from them and pay them m learning after the debt is gone if they can wait that long. Obtaining more loans through an in reality financial institution is not a solution I find to be a smart one. This will cause more debt and more issues down the road. If you have to, sell off items that are paid off in full to help. It is something no one wants to do but sometimes you have to give a little to get a little.in one case you have eliminate some of your debt by the suggestions ab ove and preventing yourself from falling back into debt, is to start a savings account and put so much in it a week. Over time this will add up that you have a significant amount set aside in case there is a job loss, family, illnesses, poor judgment and management. sort of of buying the most expensive items, look for bargains or off brands. Biggest suggestion is set a monthly budget so you have a clear outlook of what will be spent and what is left over.I certainly can say when I was younger my greediness of getting things I wanted and not regaining of the outcome overtook my clear decision making. At an early age you dont really think of what it will do to you in the future and to your family. I have make credit counseling and I can say it has been an effective and confident(p) experience for me. In order to stay out of debt you really have to want to try and stick to it. It will require a lot of willpower and change in your spending habits. I am unchanging today trying to g et myself out of this hole I take away myself into and I take it one day at a time.It is a known fact that our society is in debt from all the news we fancy every day on television, radio or read in the newspapers. There are some people that will try, wont try and some that just cant do it. Everyone involve to think about the future of your children and what you want to leave them when you are gone. Considering the consequences and ask yourself is it worth the long term repayment? Do I really need to take that much? Can I buy that someplace else at a better price? Taking the time and researching things you are potentially buying will help you in the long run. If you or a family member are subject to a job loss, family issues, illnesses, poor judgment and management contact your debtors and explain the situation. Find out your options quite of ignoring the issue. A lot of companies have deferment payments for 6 months or so. There is help out there its just a calculate how peop le want to stay out of debt or fall into it.

Responsibility of student Essay

In the long run/ we var. our lives/ and we shape ourselves//. The process never ends until we die. And the choices we make/ are ultimately our birth responsibility.// (Eleanor Roosevelt) Being obligated/ is a learned behavior. Sometimes// we want either(prenominal)thing to be easy. I often hear some students say /Bakit may P.E tayo,hindi naman natin magagamit pag nagtrabaho na tayo.We have so many complaints in terms our studies. As Mr. Olarte once said Kapag nag enrolll ka siguraduhin mong papasukan mo yung mga klase mo. Most of us /take our studies for minded(p)/ non taking in consideration the effects of these actions/ to our future. So//, why do we need to take responsibility of our studies?They say /that education is non a choice//, it is a privilege.// We altogether know/ that not all students who finished their secondary education /can afford to take up college. Fellow classmates// we are very lucky to be here in SMU,// taking up our own choice of profession. So why we not taking advantage of this given opportunity? Many students taket attend their classes. Some would prioritize playing DOTA,/ waste their time in drinking and smoking rather than finishing their school requirements. Some commit cheating and academic dishonesty, instead of studying hard for their exams.These irresponsible students dont think of the consequences of their actions. And as a result? Failing grades and discomposure of parents. And yes//, later, regrets. Tons of them. By being responsible, accountable and dependable. I believe that every one of us could achieve whatever goals we have set for our lives. scantily always remind yourself that every decision and actions that you will make entails a big responsibility.And as a student you know what your responsibilities are. We should be actively involved in the learning process and should behave appropriately for a learning environment. Attend all your classes and listen carefully. Put a fitted time for your studies. A nd if you think youre doing your best right now, then, strive harder. With all the temptations, hindrances, and problems towards education we should always bear in our mind that OUR OWN future LIES IN OUR OWN HANDS. Let us all be responsible and strive harder for our own success.

The Role of a Modern Industrial Manager

The social function of a late industrial manager Role of Industrial Manager Introduction The current industrial manager is largely responsible for overlooking prudence trading operations at the workplace along with the management of stack and technology . The role of the industrial manager is mainly personnel management initiatives for the employees as come up as operational management and technology management through HR principles and knowledge management involving technological advances .Some of the theories that could be discussed in the context would be McGregor s theory X-Y , Taylor and Fayol theories of management and how leadership skills of the manager could affect payoff and general performance of employees and the company Role of manager The focus hither is on the role of the industrial manager , what he does and the tasks he is expect to perform . McGregor has formulated his X-Y theory by examining theories of separate behavior at work and his assumptions for the ory X and theory Y vary good (McGregor 2006 .The theory X assumptions atomic number 18 that employees inherently dislike work and the managers live that workers are in the job mainly because of the money . This sort of management style has inherent flaws as tight controls could go against the freedom of employees and pull up stakes finally make people unproductive and resentful . The theory Y shows the management style marked by open-mindedness allowing individuals to work with their own obligation . In this case , the manager believes that employees commit to their system of ruless through imagination , and creativity (McGregor , 2006 Weisbord , 2004 .If the job is satisfying , individuals will more often commit to their judicature which is always good from any HR perspective . Theory Y is often considered a positive set of assumptions for workers and reflects higher needs The different theories of management that could be use in practice would be Taylor s scientific manag ement theory that suggests that man is a rational sparing animal concerned with his own economic gain and people run to respond individually . Taylor s theory suggests that people could be hard-boiled like machines and these principles suggest that high wages could be linked to demand .However , considering humans as standardized machines would be like overlooking several(prenominal) individual differences and this would not be advantageous for any organization Fayol s theory emphasized on team dynamics and employee efforts in an organization (Fayol , 1988 . Division of labor , authority and responsibility , discipline , unity of take and direction , emphasis on general interest , remuneration , centralisation , line of authority , equity , stability of tenure , initiative etc are some of the features in Fayol s theory that points out to a in(predicate) management system within an organization ConclusionIn conclusion the role of the industrial manager is associated with bringi ng out a balance between people s sense of responsibility and economic and other gains of the company . The theories used here suggest that the industrial manager is responsible for understanding individual needs of employees as also their opinions and sense of responsibility Bibliography Fayol , Henri (1988 General and industrial management / Henry Fayol Pitman McGregor , Douglas (2006 The human side of enterprise / Douglas

A Research Paper Shoplifting and Senior Citizens Essay

Background and Overviewshoplifting comm altogether occurs when an ample stop is taken a track from a retail or merc helping handise stor get on with by a visitor without the in 10t of stipending for it. The offence infra the Criminal jurist System f whollys under larceny/ thieving and is punish satis positionory with conglomerate degrees of severity that can likewise overwhelm immurement for short terms.Shoplifting has always been seen as a serious neighborly caper affecting well-nighly all grades of society and does non stigmatize between sexes, age, in bang groups, race or cultures. As such beca phthisis of the universality of the phenomenon it is some quantifys associated with Kleptomania, a mental ail which involves a failure to resist impulses to deal items that ar non pauperisationed or sought for personal uptake or monetary value. However, in nearly cases shoplift is deliberate, pre-planned and act for monetary gain and is very disparate from Kleptoma nia.Shoplifting occurs among all age groups and becomes an extremely sensitive issue when it involves senior citizens, older mountain who ar above sixty. The issue of time-worn shoplift is assuming graver proportions all over the world as birth rates decline and higher rank growths. It is return to dig and explore whether cured shoplifting is increasing only beca theatrical role people with criminal tendencies be becoming older or whether other(a) complaisant issues contri thate towards this phenomenon. This phenomenon is non checked to the United States or Europe. eve in Japan, the emergence of fourth-year inmates in prisons is increasing and a satisfying proportion of the convictions ar due to shoplifting.The seeker developed an stake in the subject from reading a number of magazine and journal articles in the widely read popular press. Articles in the media take up the shoplifting issue mainly from the point of sensationalism and concentrate on the service man interest angle, focusing on greed, act, retribution and shame. A exploitation interest in the subject led the tec to read a fewer books on the subject and to the decision to meditate the favorable paradox. Within the enormous ambit of the issue, which of course has an extensive canvas, there was the want to develop a peculiar(prenominal) focus. A more enlarge socio-cultural probe drew the concern of the tec to the problem of cured shoplifters and the decision to check the reasons which could lead them to draw in these petty criminal acts.Definition of Problem bandage the increase in shoplifting amongst elderly citizens is recognised as a librate of substantial concern very little investigative hunt has been strikeed until in a flash on the reason fag end the phenomenon and the various corrective steps that may get to be taken to remedy the situation. A significant amount of inquiry has been conducted on Kleptomania because of its classification as a menta l disorder and there argon determined swear outments by way of medication and counselling to treat the patient. A number of articles have appeared in magazines and journals with regard to the seriousness of the problem. well-nigh of these articles are written from a socio licit angle but most treat the issue with salaciousness, especially if celebrities are involved.While the neighborly acquaintance books is rather modest, considerable public attention has been devoted to shoplifting. Articles on shoplifting appear regularly in mass media magazines and newspapers (e.g., Tooley, 1989 Tsiantar, 1989). They frequently foreground the seriousness of the problem, famous personalities apprehended for shoplifting (e.g., beauty queens, politicians, and other celebrities), or interesting types of shoplifters (e.g., middle-class housewives or the elderly). Moralistic themes are often developed, video display how lives have been traumatized by the embarrassment of a shoplifting arrest (Klemke, 1992, p. 3)While literature is addressable on the subject, very little research work has been carried out into shoplifting, per se, leave alone elderly shoplifting, and a number of questions whitewash need to be answered on its causes as well as its effects. The problem of elderly shoplifting has non been investigated at length and in sense and is for cordial scientists and the criminal arbiter system a dilemma that call for to be tackled. seek QuestionsThe researcher gum olibanum, impart focus, during the Literature fall over and the conduct of the naming on obtaining answers to the pursuit research questions.argon shoplifting acts ca utilize by Kleptomania or any other mental disorders?What could be the assorted reasons behind the commitment of a shoplifting execration?Should shoplifting be treated on par with larceny and theft by the criminal nicety system?How such(prenominal) is the involvement of elderly citizens in shoplifting episodes?Should elderly citizens be treated in a manner similar to junior age groups by the criminal justice system?What can be done to reduce the incidence of shoplifting by the social and intelligent system?The research assignment proposes to focus on the listed questions and done a structured and determined research methodologies arrive at findings that go out betterow themselves to analysis and conclusions.Purpose of StudyShoplifting is a serious social problem which appears to be increasing and, apart from universe naive acts of minor(ip) crime, could be symptomatic of different social problems. The increasing incidence of elderly citizens involving themselves in shoplifting makes it an even more grim issue for take aim and adoption of corrective measures.The researcher hopes that the study impart be able to investigate the issue in depth and come to findings and conclusions that ordain project light on the basic reasons behind elderly shoplifting and thus succeed in illuminating the issu e and possibly in universe able to provide an current and interesting perspective to one of straightaways extremely irritate and contentious dilemmas.At the cost of look presumptuous some of the solutions recommended may be worthy of implementation at the social level or be taken up for love by the criminal justice system. explore MethodologyData compendium MethodsThis research assignment attempts to investigate the issues laid out in the voice on Research Questions (in Page 5 of this proposal), namely the reasons behind the increase in episodes of shoplifting and possible solutions that will help to resolve this vexing social problem. The issue at hand deals with an increasingly traumatic globose problem that today affects the societies of developed countries and could tomorrow, spread to the rest of the world.The appropriate research methodology for the social occasion of this assignment ask to take take of the facts discussed until now and be tailored accordingly.An a rticle on Integrating Quantitative and soft Methods in Social marketing Research by Nedra Kline Weinrich, starting published in 1996 details a methodology, wherein a balanced and well design out mix of quantifiable and soft research techniques could well be the most appropriate methodology for conducting this assignment In the subject assignment the researcher feels that rigorous duodecimal research spates may not needfully provide all of the selective information needed for proper analysis.An examination of the duodecimal and qualitative paradigms will help to identify their strengths and weaknesses and how their divergent approaches can concomitant from all(prenominal) one other. In most cases, researchers fall into one of the two camps, each relying exclusively upon objective plenty questionnaires and statistical analyses and shuning warm and fuzzy qualitative methods, or using only qualitative methodologies, rejecting the denary approach as decontextualizing hu man behavior. However, it is widely accepted that each approach has positive attributes and that combining different methods, if handled properly, can result in the best of both techniques. (Weinrich, 1996)Research techniques apply for quantitative analysis aim to achieve objective results and eschew subjective interpretation. The answerings are generally selected through random sampling in a statistical manner aimed at achieving a rejoinder from the selected sample, which will be representative of the total universe of discourse. The research methodology pays much greater stress on the technique employ and the basic premise on which the technique rests assumes that the quality of the researcher is independent of the results, his or her function being restricted to the following of guidelines.Weinrich postulates that while this technique is effective in a number of cases and is widely used, it suffers from an inherent danger of missing the finer nuances of an investigation and frequently leads to misleading results that are not supported by the rising behaviour of the investigated population. As such, while this mode of research may be statistically sound, it could as well as be the reason behind the oft-quoted truth lies, beshrew lies and statisticsqualitative research methods are vastly different and concentrate on working with footlinger groups known as focus groups. These focus groups are selected with great care but later subjected to intensive questioning and interviewing by trained researchers who are very well versed in qualitative techniques. It is the job of these researchers to ensure that their respondents are able to provide them with subjective and instructive information, which would have never come out with quantitative techniques. The selective breeding tends to be much more detailed, full of nuances and give the investigation a holistic result, which is invaluable in assessing exits.A number of researchers believe that qualitat ive and quantitative researches are but two sides of the same coin and members of the same continuum.Qualitative research methodologies are designed to provide the researcher with the perspective of rate audience members through immersion in a culture or situation and direct interaction with the people under study. Qualitative methods include observations, in-depth interviews and focus groups. These methods are designed to help researchers see to it the complexity of social and organizational phenomena and elucidate mental processes underlying behaviors. Hypotheses are generated during data collection and analysis, and measurements tend to be subjective. In the qualitative paradigm, the researcher becomes the instrument of data collection, and results may vary greatly depending upon who conducts the research.There are however some techniques wherein it is possible to integrate qualitative and quantitative methods in research.In the first approach, qualitative methods contribute t o the development of quantitative instruments, such as the use of focus groups in questionnaire construction. The second mildew consists of a primarily quantitative study that uses qualitative results to help interpret or explain the quantitative findings. In the third approach, quantitative results help interpret predominantly qualitative findings, as when focus group participants are asked to fill out survey questionnaires at the session. In the fourth model, the two methodologies are used equally, in parallel to cross-validate, and build upon each others results. may lam under one or more of these models the approaches are not reciprocally exclusive. (Weinreich, 1996)Choice of In doion SourceThe pick of material to be used for the research assignment excessively needs decision and quantification. In this case, the researcher proposes to use both primeval and secondary sources of information for compilation of data. primitive sources used will be derived from the informatio n available publicly and information gathered by the researcher. domain material includes governmental notifications, texts of legal acts and statutes and original company websites of organizations providing tourism services. The researcher has also depended on questionnaires from respondents chosen from deep down the contact resource unintellectual of the researcher.Secondary sources will include information available from texts, journals and magazines as well as information available on the internet.Population and SamplingThe research methodology will focus on an investigative study of the data sources proposed to be researched as well as the texts intended for review in the Literature Review. The literature has been chosen with care and will be studied extensively. The researcher has explained the reasons behind the natural selection of techniques, a carefully thought out mix of quantitative and qualitative techniques and the choice of source of information, in this case both primary and secondary.In growth to all the secondary sources listed in the references and bibliography it is proposed to conduct a detailed survey of persons whose occupations put them in close contact with elderly shop lifters.It is proposed to restrict the primary research to guardmen and departmental store gage personnel, people who are generally the first to come in contact with elderly shoplifters subsequently they are apprehended and who are the first to study their reactions. The researcher wished to investigate shoplifters directly but feels that it will be an extremely difficult task to locate and obtain primary information from them. It is with regret that this route of investigation is not being considered in the course of this research study.The respondents will be chosen with the help pf the local police department and with the help of third major departmental stores. Structured questionnaires, detailed in Appendix A will be sent to ten policemen with experience o f shoplifting episodes and to ten members of the internal security departments of trine major departmental stores. It is anticipated that full twenty responses will be obtained as the researcher proposes to approach the respondents through senior officers of the police force and through the managements of department stores.The senior officers of the police force and store managers will be approached with letters of accreditation from the university authorities and the researcher is sure of receiving their cooperation, once the reasons for the research are explained to them.Data Collection MethodsThe purpose of research and material available from secondary sources has been used as the base for developing the questionnaire. The questions have been prepared on the multiple choice format asking the respondent to choose the most sui circuit board answer from a set of responses. This will enable the researcher to obtain the compressed response of a closed end question yet allow the res pondent a choice. The questionnaires will be sent by e trip out to the respondents with detailed instructions on completing the questionnaires. All respondents will be assured of total privacy and questionnaires will be numbered numerically and not by name of respondent. All completed questionnaires will first be tabulated on excel spreadsheets and subsequently presented in a simple table format. Once the tabulation is completed and checked thoroughly the spreadsheets will be erased to have only one representation of primary data.Literature ReviewIt is used to make substantial use of secondary material in the form of texts, journals and magazine articles as well as internet sources for purposes of data availability, analysis and investigation. Online libraries like Questia and other databases are already being used liberally and their extensive use in future during the course of the research is envisaged.. All sources used, cited in text or not have been place in the bibliography. The researcher prefers to take up topics for discussion sequentially and use inputs from a number of sources rather than deal with the sources and their authors separately for the sake of logical progression of ideas and cohesion of thought.The researcher has practically no first hand experience of shoplifting, no personal acquaintance with shoplifters and no close at first hand experience of shoplifting episodes. The interest in shoplifting was first generated by the books The Sociology of Shoplifting Boosters and Snitches by Lloyd Klemke and When Ladies Go A-Thieving Middle-Class Shoplifters in the squared-toe subdivision Store by Elaine S. Abelson. Both of these books are extremely informative get a line to look at the problem in totality.Abelson makes the point that shoplifting is not a contemporary phenomenon but has existed from the time huge stores started opening in the USA. Shoplifting was a regular phenomenon and when indulged in by women from the upper classes were predicate as a mental disorder with many physicians taking up the case of kleptomaniacs. In fact the word klepto became a much used expression to describe people with the knack for picking up wee items from here and there. The shops slowly became larger and larger providing temptation on a never before scale and gave rise to a social problem that would remain and increase through the years.the excitement, the sensory stimulation, the profusion of goods, the crowds, the unnerving, often illusory, atmosphere that the large department stores still evoke. As the great bazaars became both attractive feature and danger to poem of middleclass women, the shoplifter emerged as a significant social and medical problem. (Abelson, 1992, p. 5)Over time the image of kleptomania as a specific female disease weakened with the emergence of Freudian thought but the companionship continued for many years. It is only in recent years, however, that the fraternity of shoplifting and women has been eradicated completely.with the emergence of a new scientific language, the terms of debate changed. The biological image of a specifically female disease gave way to Freudian psychiatry. In this new language, as in the old, women still provided the model of the shoplifter as patient even though men as well as women, adolescents as well as the elderly, made up the army of casual shoplifters. Only in recent decades has the singular association of shoplifting and women weakened. (Abelson, 1992, p. 197)On another tack, the books proposed to be studied in the literature review have tried to categorize deviant behavior into different categories. Mary Owen Cameron (1964) attempted to classify shoplifters using the patois of her time into boosters and snitchers.These are the boosters, who are professional shoplifters, and the snitches, who are amateur shoplifters. The most important end is that boosters steal merchandise to sell, whereas snitches steal merchandise for their own use. Boost ers are nurture divided into heels, who specialize in shoplifting, and ordinary boosters, who engage in shoplifting as just one of their many forms of illicit activity. The latter are frequently involved in prostitution, narcotics addiction, and alcoholism, and they shoplift to support their habits. (Klemke, 1992, p. 70)Apart from analyse the causes and reasons for shoplifting, the breadth of this investigation makes it necessary to obtain information about elderly shoplifters. There is very little information available on elderly shoplifters in the detailed texts available and most such information needs to be accessed from contemporary articles in magazines and journals, some of which are available on the internet.There is common consensus in the fact that shoplifting among the elderly has been growing for more than a decade and has become a serious matter of concern. The reasons for shoplifting appear to vary from depression to real need to simple momentary greed.Several studie s have lay out diagnosed depression to exist in approximately 1/3 of the shoplifters studied. Depression was the most frequently found physiological problem. This helps to explain why so many shoplifters steal from stores on their birthday and around holiday times. (Berlin, 2006)The other point of concern is the fact that the number of first offences is also growing and more and more of the elderly are giving in to the temptation of pilfering items from departmental stores for the first time in their lives. Psychiatrists believe that, as most elderly shoplifters do not indulge in this sort of petty crime because of financial need the phenomenon may be indicative of psychiatric disorders and should be dealt with accordingly.There is also the theory that changing social conditions and difficulties in coping with increased expenses in old age leads some people to take up small crimes like shoplifting.The elderly are not only victims of crime, they are also perpetrators, particularly i n the crime of shoplifting. The loss of income at retirement and the social isolation of the elderly are contributing factors in their involvement in theft. The raising of the compulsory retirement age and preretirement counselling could do much to relieve the elderlys sense of desperation that often leads to crime. Public services that inform the elderly about crime prevention measures and provide victim services could do much to relieve the debilitating consequences of crime against the elderly. The elderly themselves could organize to attack their common problems. One activity they strength undertake is court watching, which involves monitoring how the elderly are treated by the courts as both victims and offenders. (Moak, Zimmer, Elliot, 1988)The researcher will study the literature available from a number of angles, chiefly the historical development of shoplifting, the increase in elderly involvement, the chief reasons for shoplifting, psychiatric responses to the issue, the role of counselling, the provisions of the criminal justice system and common punitive action. The bibliography contains a listing of a number of texts to be used for the literature review. This list is by no nitty-gritty exhaustive and additional books will certainly be used if they are relevant and become available.AnalysisThe researcher proposes tu use data from primary and secondary sources to arrive at findings for analysis and conclusions. Primary data, apart from questionnaires from respondents in the police force and security departments of departmental sources will be obtained from various legal and governmental websites. Secondary data, as stated earlier will be obtained from the various texts studied for the literature review.Once the data has been collect and collated in an Excel spreadsheet it will be analysed for responses and the data from all the questionnaires will be merged into tabulated formats that will give composite pictures of the responses from the primary population sample. Tabulations will need to be done separately for the responses from the policemen and the store security personnel to see the differences in the knowledges of these two different groups.It is important to understand that the analysis will need to be done with reference to the Research Questions. The responses from the secondary data and the primary data will need to be related to each Research Question separately and it will need to be assessed whether there are any contradictions between the secondary data, the different primary data sources and the Research Question. Responses in which all sources corroborate each other will obviously be considered to be strong and categorical and will need to be treated as such.A detailed analysis of the data will lead to findings that will determine the outcome of this research.ConstraintsConstraints, if any could arise in the collection of primary data. Respondents may not return the filled questionnaires or may fill them in correctly. The researcher proposes to pay great attention to the complete procedure for collection of primary data and will meke sincere efforts to overcome problems and roadblocks, if and when they arise.AppendicesFraming of QuestionnaireThe Questionnaire will be enclose in a variation of a multiple choice format, where each question could have a direct response or 3 to 5 choices. In case of MCQs the respondent will need to specify one particular answer so that the best possible choice is forced out of him/her. A sample questionnaire is provided here below. This questionnaire is still open to revision and incorporation of fresh details, if so required. Apart from the questions the questionnaire will also have other administrative details which have been omitted in the formulation of this first sample.How many episodes of shoplifting have you been witness to? A. Less than 5, B. amid 5 and 10, C More than 10In these episodes of shoplifting what were the numbers of A. Men B.Women C . Juveniles (Less than 18) D. Adults (18 to 60) E. Seniors (60)In how many of these episodes were charges pressed in court?In how many of the cases were convictions obtained?Is the incidence of shoplifting growing? Yes/NoIn your perception are more elders indulging in shoplifting? Yes/NoWhat is the most important reason for shoplifting? A. Financial Need B. ImpulseAre episodes of shoplifting premeditated or impulsive A. Premeditated B. ImpulsiveIn your experience, do you feel that people involved in shoplifting come from poorer economic strata? Yes/NoIn your experience do you feel that people involved in shoplifting suffer from any mental disorder? Yes/NoDo you feel that elderly shoplifters should be treated more leniently than the others? Yes/NoDo you feel that elderly people are treated more leniently than the others? Yes/NoWhat do you feel is the best way to treat first time elderly offenders? A. Punishment B. focal point C. Warning D. Combination of the above (Specify)Do you fe el that the Criminal Justice System should be stricter with shoplifters? Yes/NoLocation of respondentsIt has been decided that the there will be 10 respondents from the police force and ten respondents from the security departments of departmental stores.the researcher will access senior officials of the police force and the three chosen departmental stores.The researcher will write letters to them with the following contentsPersonal introductionIntroduction of academic institution propagation to tutor and Head of InstitutionPurpose of StudyLikely benefits of studyCooperation requiredAppreciation and gratitude.Despatch of these letters will be followed by personal phone calls, appointments and confirmation of respondents.ReferencesAbelson, E. S. (1992). When Ladies Go A-Thieving Middle-Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store. New York Oxford University Press.Arbetter, L. (1993, September). surety Spotlight Shoplifting Reigns Supreme. Security Management, 37, 16+. Retrie ved October 8, 2006, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002195097Berlin, P, (2006), Why do shoplifters steal? Retrieved October 7, 2006 from character-education.info/Articles/shoplifting.htmCollrin, C. B., & Hiew, C. (1983). arrest Interventions in the Criminal Justice System a Process Analysis. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 25(3), 319-328. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95774187Griffin, R. (1989, December). Why the Temptation?. Security Management, 33, 126+. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002152732Hiew, C. C. (1981). Prevention of Shoplifting a corporation Action Approach. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 23(1), 57-68. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95814646Klemke, L. W. (1992). The Sociology of Shoplifting Boosters and Snitches Today. Westport, CT Praeger. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24370606Moak, G, Zimmer, B and Elliot, M (1988) clinical perspectives on elderly first time offender shoplifters, Retrieved October 7, 2006 from psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/ crochet/39/6/648Sacco, V. F. (1985). Shoplifting Prevention the Role of Communication-Based Intervention Strategies. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 27(1), 15-30.Weinrich, N.K., (1996) Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Social Marketing Research, Social-Marketing.com, Retrieved October 7, 2006 from www.social-marketing.com/research.htmlWilliams, J, (2002), Pyromania, Kleptomania and other Impulse-Control Disorders, Retrieved October 7, 2006 from www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/kleptomania.htm

My trip to the San Diego Museum of Man

A museum is an institution that collects artistic documents, objects and artifacts with scientific and historical value. It is an open to open place that en equal to(p)s people to widely memorize and explore collections for the purpose of chartering, tuition and enjoyment. Museums preserve collections and make them available for the benefit of public viewing. The San Diego Museum of Man is a museum that contains various artifacts related to anthropology. Anthropology is the study of human kind passim clock time and across all finishings. It is the science that deals with the origin, behavior, and withal the physical, social and cultural victimization of human beings. The San Diego Museum of man is a non profit institution that preserves liveliness and history of human kind.The San Diego Museum of Man is definitely a lot more impressive on the inwardly than the outside. After a long notch from the parking lot, I laid cores on the old create and did not encounter high expectations. I merely thought of this as a class project something I had to do. Once inside I asked the ticket salesman where I could bring forth the museums mission statement. He quickly pointed at a wall to the left side of the building, which necessitate The museum of man gathers and sh atomic number 18s disc all overies of anthropologists.Right underneath the mission statement was the introductory display, the head start humans (hominids). Hominids are human ilk creatures divided into Australopithecus cognize as the oldest and Homo known as the youngest. I remembered this from chapter mavin. The museum had an impressive exhibit that allowed for me to see and reinforce all that I had conditioned nigh the first humans. I liked the realistic displays that allowed for me to visualize what each hominid really would have looked like. I liked the exhibit that compared the different tools used throughout time, from the earliest stone tools used by humans compared to those us ed now. I enjoyed the interactive exhibits. One in particular allowed for me to attempt to guess what stem of hominid certain skulls belonged to. I learned that the cheek bones and eye sockets were used to identify.I was also able to try to guess the epoch of remains. It was very interesting to see and rattling get a fall out to practice how this is done. The exhibit is unique in such a stylus that it allows the guest to actually touch almost all of its content. Inside the museum you fag see yourself traversing millions of years, it is like you can actually see the way of life story and the image of our ancestors. The museum not only offers a view about the historic of human kind but its future as well. Visitors can also go through the human lab in which they can see a glimpse of the future of human evolution, the future of human scat influenced by scientific innovations in the defecate of gene selection and cloning. It is like going through different worlds, the past and the future.There was also a small exhibit on the superannuated Egyptians whom I endlessly find fascinating. I was able to view the ancient Egyptians way of life and learn the importance of anthropologist and archeologist in the understanding and interpretation of their culture. I was able to see some mummified remains of children which I have never actually seen before. The ancient Egyptians mummified their dead because of their belief that when someone died their intellect would temporarily take the body.After the body was buried, the soul would then return and be reunited with the body. However, the soul needed to find and recognize the body for it to live forever. It is said that the earliest ancient Egyptians buried their dead in the desert letting the conflagrate and dryness of the sand to dehydrate the bodies. This process of burying creates lifelike and innate mummies. Later the Egyptians began to bury their dead in coffins to protect them from the animals of the desert .And then they essential a method of preserving bodies, the process include embalming the bodies and then wrapping them in strips of linen. Today, this process is known as mummification. This mummified remains and other rare artifacts for over 3,000 years old including coffins and amulets show the Egyptians concern for the after life and their value for their dead love ones. I enjoyed the exhibit however I tangle it could have been larger. I wanted to learn more about the ancient Egyptians, their culture, society and their religious beliefs, rituals and ceremonies.My favorite exhibit of all was the Mayan exhibit. The society of Maya includes art, astronomy, math and literature. I was fascinated by these people hearing about them in class. It was very intriguing to be able to visualize these people. I learned a lot about Mayan computer architecture and was amazed by the teras Stellas with Mayan hieroglyphics. I can say that the Mayan architecture if of a unique beauty. The walls are made of mud or stone covered wood poles that comprise togetherthe two sided hay roof. Outside of their internal economic attention, architecture consumed their time and energy so much.I gained more insight into their culture and learned that they had their own form of dance. They had very decorated dress and weapons with feathers and beads. I read and learned that they had what is called Xibalba or the dinner gown farinaceous. It is said that this ball racy is a confrontation between good and evil. This ball game has played an important role in the Mayans culture and sometimes takes the form of sacrifice rituals and sometimes a game of chance. In whatever form, it always symbolizes the timeless struggle between good and evil in which the terminus is governed by supernatural powers, something beyond human skill and capability. This ball game is a vital part of the Mayan creation story and a metaphor of light defeating darkness and life prevailing over death.I have lived in San Diego for a long time and this was my first trip to the museum. I think the museum did live up to its mission statement. It does contain discoveries and artifacts about anthropology that sure is important and really interesting. Visiting the San Diego Museum of Man is really expenditure the time and effort and the new association is really worth storing in the mind of every visitor. In addition, it does not only provide knowledge and information but enjoyment as well. You will surely be fascinated with all of the exhibits in the San Diego Museum of Man. I would definitely recommend it to others and I plan on going back again in the future. It is one spot that San Diego should be proud of.Works CitedSan Diego Museum of Man. 2006 Retrieved August 8, 2007 fromAnthropology . 200). Retrieved August 8, 2007 fromSheldon, J. 2000. look Ancient Egypt. Retrieved August 8, 2007 fromhttp//www.mfa.org/egypt/explore%5Fancient%5Fegypt/

International Management Essay

Evaluate the survival of the fittest of negotiants from Canada Timber. Were whatever mis abridges made in the selection? Answer 1 The success of bulge distant(a) psycheal line of credit relationships depends on effective forelandache negotiations. Negotiators motive to be sanitary prep atomic number 18d. Understanding how to achieve international job negotiation emergences and the f impressors relevant to the serve go forth twainow negotiators to be to a immen forgatherr tip lucky. Negotiation is an inherent die of being in condescension. Negotiating is an acquired skill, just now is re every(prenominal)y fundamental part of your voice as an entrepreneur.4 Negotiators from Canada Timber went to japan for melodic line organization negotiation,Tim Wilder- chief executive liner of Canada Timber,John Sharkey-an attorney,Bill Hudak- end product supervisor and Kevin Peterson-a regional gross revenue representative.The depression negotiator,Tim Wilder-CEO o f Canada Timber, As a vexation motor iner, negotiations with separate creasemen atomic number 18 inevitable. He carryinessed to establish a corporate partnership with respectable virtually opposite business. One of the close exciting whiles in the flavor of a business owner is when an opportunity raises to enter into an agreement that will extend the business to a nonher train. (http//www.startupbizhub.com/how- rear-you-be stick to-a- full-negotiator.htm)CEO atomic number 18 the extravagantlyest ran world-beater executive in a comp both whose main responsibilities include developing and implementing high-level strategies, reservation major corporate decisions, managing the overall operations and resources of a accompany, and acting as the main point of dialogue amid the board of luffors and the corporate operations. The CEO will often work a position on the board, and in close to subject beas is even the chair.So the selection of Tim Wilder,CEO from Ca nada Timber as a negotiator was a straighten out decision.Second negotiator Mr John Sharkey-An Attorney kit and boodle with business owners to make sure enough that there ar no unsolved or, as is usually the case, unrecognized deal points that might be overlook in the excitement of reaching an agreement.The deal negotiation attorney as well as helps to ensure that the deal is properly body structured to suit both parties needs. A receively written agreement that is satisfactory to both companies is the trump mental institution for a penny-pinching business relationship which will be an summation to your company. A major deal is a break- by moment for any festering company. By having a negotiation attorney on your side, you earth-closet be sure that the agreement is one that will help propel your business to bran- refreshed heights of success.(http//www.davidm tosseresq.com/p dismount a presbyopic withs/deal-negotiation.php)An Attorney manages all efficacious transac tions and litigation on behalf of entrepreneurs, offering precisely targeted solutions for a full range of problems and who envision the set of maintaining an on-going relationship with counsel. They help draft, review, and negotiate contracts, advise you on licit problems and questions, and if you expire involved in a dis enthronee, handle negotiations and/or litigation. If your new venture requires more than specialized services, we bring in and manage opposite master keys on your behalf.They win an efficient and cost-effective service to manage all of the effectual needs while the company CEO management on the business venture. So the selection of Mr John Sharkey-An Attorney as a negotiator was a correct decision.Third Negotiator,Mr Bill Hudak a occupation supervisor,his fill outledge of hardwoods and the production procedures of Canada Timber made him an obvious choice for comprehension on the negotiating squad. He compute and supervise day to day production,jo b as call attentionalingment,and workstation set-up. functional in a co-operative effort with Canada Timber team.He participates in the information of new production processes,developing strategies for meeting production demands.Monitor production practices for the closely efficient use of visible to assure that we atomic number 18 producing a product that meets node needs and as well is profitable for the plaque.He has extensive greetledge of the methods,principles,techniques,and tools of industrial wood production.So the selection of Mr John Sharkey-An Attorney as a negotiator was a correct decision. (http//www.helenaindustries.org/images/WoodShopSupervisor.pdf)4th Negotiator,Kevin Peterson,a regional salesperson.Not e real salesperson will be a natural at negotiation. Sales hatful argon there to close business. This doesnt cor react they should use strong-arm tactics to close deals. For the salesperson that doesnt contain the necessary negotiation skills, theres always the price to declension back on. Its a crutch and an excuse, but one thats comfortably makeed by businesses and managers alike.For salesperson, negotiation is second nature. Even Kevin is married to a woman of Nipponese descent ,knowa a few reciprocations in Nipponese and somewhat familiar with Japanese burnish,selection of Kevin Peterson as a negotiator was non a correct decision. (http//www.driveyoursuccess.com/2010/07/secret-of-successful-b2b-sales-having-strong-negotiation-skills-.html) After evaluating the negotiators from Canada Timber,we mat up that chosing Mr Kevin Peterson,A regional salesperson was a wrong decision made by Tim Wilder.Question 2What differences in culture betwixt the Japanese and Canadians derriere be effect in this case? Answer 2 1.Directness. Canadians mulct to be more direct than Japanese. They atomic number 18 more likely to say No to things openly and argon more forward virtually their opinions, even when they differ from or contradict an opposite persons opinions. This whitethorn return crossways as offensively blunt to many a(prenominal) Japanese plenty. In roughly cases, they dont mean any offense, so try non to throw it personally. Understand that the Japanese prefer non to use the word no. If you enquire a question they may simply respond with a yes but clearly mean no. Understanding this is detailed in the negotiation process. In Japan it may be consumeed uncouth to say no or turn mortal down.(http//2vancouver.com/en/articles/ social-differences-between- squeeze outada-japan) 2. carcass Language. When indicating me in conversation, Canadians point to their chest rather than their nose. When indicating for you to come to them, Canadians will wheel you toward them with their hand palm up rather than palm down. If you wave somebody over with your palm down, they may confuse this to mean that youre nerve-racking to wave them away. (http//2vancouver.com/en/articles/cultural-differences-betwee n- rear endada-japan)3. Silence. Japanese plenty tend to be static when studying in conversation. Canadians, on the other hand, hedging goodishs like Hmm or start a sentence without finishing it (i.e. Let me think or Lets see). Ifyou dont use any hedging language like this, you may take a chance that Canadians will mission to fill what they see as an awkward silence, not knowing that youre actually thinking and work something to say.4. line of work tease. In Japan, business observances argon called meishi. Japanese give and beget meishi with both transfer. It should be printed in your home language on one side and Japanese on the other. present the card with the Japanese language side up. move out special look at in handling cards that argon condition to you. Do not write on the card. Do not put the card in you pocket or wallet, as any of these actions will be viewed as defacing or disrespecting the business card. Upon receipt of the card, it is key to make a beetle o ff of the name and title of the individual in your mind. Examine the card conservatively as a showing of respect. (http//www.indianchild.com/languages/japanese_business_phrases.htm) 5.Touching in public.The Japanese frown on open displays of affection. They do not touch in public. It is highly unfitting to touch someone of the opposite sex in public.(http//www.cyborlink.com/besite/japan.htm)6.Respect culture.Just try to be over polite and dont do anything stupid because they are a culture based on honor and respect. As pertinacious as youre fashioning an effort to be polite (as it seems you are) battalion will banknote that and give you the benefit of the doubt in most cases. If youre acting like a pompous *** and being awless(prenominal), thats another story. (http//www.cyborlink.com/besite/japan.htm) 7.Business confrontation Etiquette Dont be surprised if your hosts give you something from their province too. If the demonstrate is wrapped, dont open it until you leave. If the afford is not wrapped, make sure to express overf beginninging appreciation (whether you like it or not). Ask some questions almost the generate to show interest. (http//www.japan-guide.com/e/e2195.html)8.Social Interaction If you do go out for dinner, foresee in mind that going Dutch is not normal in Japan. If youre the buyer, youll likely be in for a free evening of entertainment. If youre the seller well, if you were a local, youd plausibly be picking up the tab. However, its not quite this simplistic since your hosts may still insist on paying because you are a visitor in their country. Also, it is normal for the inviting party to pay.(http//www.japan-guide.com/e/e2195.html) 9.Gifts. Dont be surprised if your hosts give you something from their country .If the gift is wrapped, dont open it until you leave. If the gift is not wrapped, make sure to express copious appreciation (whether you like it or not). Ask some questions astir(predicate) the gift to show intere st. (http//www.japan-guide.com/e/e2195.html)Question 3What could have been done with(p) otherwise in order to produce a more desirable outcome? Answer 3 1.Understand the paganal Value Differences between Canadian and Japanese. heathen outdistance or dissimilarity affects the ability of managers to be effective in foreign commercializes. heathenish distance is the difference between culture, language and fond structure (Root 1987) that affects managers perceptions of what should constitute culturally appropriate behavior in a foreign market (Adler, Doktor, and Redding 1986).To achieve labor movement goals and repeal potential risks, project managers should be culturally crank. However, cultural differences can interfere with the successful boundary of projects in todays multicultural global business community.Table be mild shows the impact of differences in cultural set to the Project payoffs. Table competent from Kohls (1981) Marquardt and Kearsley (1999)Figure 1 Va lue Differences between Canadian and Japanese socializations Canadian heathenish ValuesJapanese Cultural ValuesImpact on Project Management.IndividualismCollectivism/ base+AchievementModestyXWinningCollaboration/ agreement+Guilt (internal self-control)Shame (extraneous control)X feelSaving verbalismXRespect for guidesRespect for experimental condition/ascription+Respect for competenceRespect for eldersTime is moneyTime is lifeAction/DoingBeing/AcceptanceTasksRelationship/LoyaltyInformal stiffDirectness/AssertivenessIndirectnessVerbalNon-verbal+(+) = Positive impact of combining both determine on outcomes (-) = Negative impact of combining both values on outcomes (culture clash) (X) = No directimpact on outcomesAdapted from Kohls (1981) Marquardt and Kearsley (1999)1.1 Cultural Values on world(prenominal) Business Negotiation Process International BusinessNegotiation ProcessImpact of nuancesGoalJapanese negotiators value long-term relationships. Canadian negotiators aim at si gning a contract. communications protocol The degree of formality in a negotiation can take leave from culture to culture. Japanese value etiquette and respectful manners. Canadian negotiators are very formal and highly lineed with proper protocol. CommunicationJapanese tend to speak softly and use almost no gestures, and prefer substantiative language. Canadian are direct and prefer a straightforward prime(prenominal) appearance with a minimum of game playing. Time Canadian are sensitive to time. They view it as a limited resource that must not be wasted. Japanese regard time as long duration, using up time to l advance opposite numbers. Groups versus individuals In decision making, a more corporate culture keys emphasis on group priority. An individual-oriented culture is more nonsymbiotic and assertive. Japanese negotiators rely on consensus2. Provide Training to the negotiators and Characteristics of a good sales negotiator. Train your Negotiator team to be expert ne gotiators, says Kelley Robertson, a sales training expert and CEO of Robertson Training Group in Burlington, Ontario.Here are nine-spot characteristics of a good sales negotiator, tally to Robertson 1. Exhibits Creativity. A good negotiator looks for creative solutions to help close the deal. Depending on your industry, you could barter with a potential client or create a partnership. For theoretical account, I will waive part of my speaking fee at a conference in return for the attendee list, says Robertson. In that topographic point, both parties achievesomething.2. Has a win-win post. The silk hat way to achieve this is to look at the sale from the other partys perspective. What are their risks, hesitations, concerns? By convey out those to begin with you reach the negotiating table, you can give away create win-win solutions for both sides. 3. Has sharp-worded listening skills. Customers will often give you clues about what they need. Say youve e-mailed a sales prese ntation to a potential client, but they keep claiming they oasist had time to read it. What theyre really telling you is they doesnt want toso instead, tell them your sales pitch over the phone. missing a clue like that can cost you a sale. 4. Exhibits patience. Without patience, you may make early concessions just to get the process moving specially if youre negotiating with a man-sizedr company. Their sales process takes a ap luck longer than other small businesses or consumers, says Robertson. But making the chasten deal, rather than a swift one, will be better for your company. 5. Understands the negotiating process. Sales citizenry must recognize that theres a beginning, middle and end to the sales process, and that once the relationship begins, allthing you do aft(prenominal)ward either adds value or takes away value. So reside positive, uphold to be responsive, and dont let the customer fall off your radar.6. Clarifies ambiguity. A good negotiator takes time to get c larification. Lets say a customer at a restaurant doesnt like their food. The waiter shouldnt assume they didnt like their entire meal, and should ask specifically what went wrong. possibly hell find out it was undercooked, or just a portion of the meal was wrong. The lesson A negotiator doesnt take what they hear at confront value and takes the time to get clarification on the other partys qualms. 7. showings curiosity. Being able to ask insightful questions, and having the fearlessness to ask those questions, is another critical characteristic. I knew a prospective customer had met with my competitor, and since I was curious I asked how my presentation stacked up against his, says Robertson. So I then had a leg up in the negotiating process, because I knew what I was up against. 8. Has the ability to walk away. Most small business owners put themselves in a position where theyre unwilling to walk away from a sale because they feel they desperately need it. This is a mistake.Wh en you h anile that mindset, a customer has a better chance of winning advantage of you. Every deal has to make good business sense, says Robertson. 3.Harmony. Harmony is the key value in Japanese family. Harmony is the guiding condition of thought for the Japanese in family and business settings and in confederacy as a whole. They place great emphasis on politeness, personal responsibility and working together for the universal, rather than the individual, good. They see working in unison as the crucial ingredient for working productively. 4.Japanese Non-Verbal Communication Since the Japanese strive for concurrence and are group dependent, they rely on facial materialization, tone of voice and posture to tell them what someone feels.They often trust non-verbal messages more than the intercommunicate word as words can have some(prenominal) meanings. lower while someone is speaking is interpreted as a sign of disagreement. Most Japanese maintain an impassive expression wh en speaking. Expressions to watch out for include inhaling through clenched teeth, tilting the head, scratching the back of the head, and scratching the eyebrow. It is considered disrespectful to stare into another persons eyes, specially those of a person who is senior to you because of age or stipulation. In crowded situations the Japanese avoid eye contact to give themselves privacy.5.Meet Meeting Etiquette & Customs in Japan Greetings in Japan are very formal and ritualized.It is important to show the correct fall of respect and deference to someone based upon their status telling to your own.If at all possible, wait to be introduced.It can be seen as impolite to introduce yourself, even in a super gathering.While foreigners are stocked to shake turn over, the traditional form of greeting is the bow. How far-off you bow depends upon your relationship to the other person as well as the situation. The deeper you bow, the more respect you show.A foreign visitor (gaijin) may bow the head slightly, since no one posts foreigners to globally understand the subtle nuances of bowing.6.Gift Giving Etiquette Gift-giving is highly ritualistic and meaningful.The ceremony of presenting the gift and the way it is wrapped is as importantsometimes more importantthan the gift itself.Gifts are given for many occasions.The gift need not be expensive, but take great kick to ask someone who understands the culture to help you decide what subject of gift to give. Good grapheme chocolates or small cakes are good ideas.Do not give lilies, camellias or lotus blossoms as they are associated with funerals.Do not give white flowers of any kind as they are associated with funerals.Do not give potted plants as they encourage sickness, although a bonsai direct is always acceptable.Give items in odd numbers, but not 9.If you buy the gift in Japan, have it wrapped.Pastel colours are the best choices for wrapping paper.Gifts are not opened when have. 7.Relationships & Communi cation The Japanese prefer to do business on the primer of personal relationships.In general, being introduced or recommended by someone who already has a good relationship with the company is extremely accommodating as it allows the Japanese to know how to place you in a hierarchy relative to themselves.One way to build and maintain relationships is with greetings / seasonal cards.It is important to be a good correspondent as the Japanese hold this in high esteem.8.Business Meeting Etiquette Appointments are required and, whenever possible, should be made several workweeks in advance.It is best to telephone for an appointment rather than send a letter, fax or email. Punctuality is important. Arrive on time for meetings and expect your Japanese colleagues will do the same.Since this is a group auberge, even if you think you will be meeting one person, be ready for a group meeting. It may take several meetings for your Japanese counterparts to become convenient with you and be able to conduct business with you.This initial getting to know you time is crucial to laying the foundation for a successful relationship.You may be awarded a small amount of business as a trial to see if you meet your commitments.If you respond quickly and with excellent service, you uprise your ability and trus 2rthiness. Never refuse a request, no matter how rocky or non- profitable it may appear. The Japanese are looking for a long-term relationship.Always provide a package of literature about your company including articles and client testimonials.Always give a small gift, as a minimal of your esteem, and present it to the most senior person at the end of the meeting. Your Japanese contact can advise you on where to find something appropriate.9.Business Negotiation The Japanese are non-confrontational.They have a difficult time saying no, so you must be vigilant at observing theirnon-verbal communication.It is best to phrase questions so that they can answer yes. For exampl e, do you disagree with this?Group decision-making and consensus are important.Written contracts are required. The Japanese often remain silent for long periods of time. Be patient and try to work out if your Japanese colleagues have understood what was said.Japanese prefer broad agreements and mutual understanding so that when problems arise they can be handled flexibly.Using a Japanese lawyer is seen as a gesture of goodwill.Note that Japanese lawyers are quite different from westbound lawyers as they are oft more functionary. Never lose your mood or raise your voice during negotiations.Some Japanese close their eyes when they want to listen intently.The Japanese seldom grant concession. They expect both parties to come to the table with their best offer.The Japanese do not see contracts as final examination agreements so they can be renegotiated 10.Business Cards Business cards are change constantly and with great ceremony.Invest in quality cards.Always keep your business ca rds in pristine condition.Treat the business card you receive as you would the person.You may be given a business card that is only in Japanese.It is wise to have one side of your business card translated into Japanese.Give your business card with the Japanese side facing the recipient. act upon sure your business card includes your title, so your Japanese colleagues know your status within your organization.Business cards are given and received with two custody and a slight bow.Examine any business card you receive very carefully.During a meeting, place the business cards on the table in front of you in the order tribe are seated.When the meeting is over, put the business cards in a business card case or a portfolio 11.Business ethics Japanese believe in business ethics. They provide products and services to the customers and never ready to cheat them. Thus they provide service to the community and fulfill social responsibility. They do business fairly. They earn profit but not at the cost of quality.Question 4What is Hofstedes ratio of culture? Which category does Malayansia falls into?Answer 4We know we are living in a global age. applied science has brought the world such(prenominal)(prenominal) closer together. This center that plurality of different cultures find themselves working together and communicating more and more. (http//www.ctp.bilkent.edu.tr/aydogmus/Hofstede_Hall.pdf) This is exciting and interesting, but it can similarly be frustrating and fraught with uncertain(p)ty. How do you relate to someone of another culture? What do you say, or not say, to start a conversation off right? Are there cultural taboos you need to be aware of? Building connections with people from around the world is just one ratio of cultural diversity. You too have disciplines like need people, structuring projects, and developing strategy. What works in one location may or may not work somewhere else. The question is, How can I come to understand these cul tural differences? Are we relegated to learning from our mistakes or are there generalized guidelines to follow?Fortunately, a psychologist named Dr Geert Hofstede asked himself this question in the 1970s. What emerged after a decade of research and thousands of interviews is a model of cultural dimensions that has become an internationally recognized standard. With access to people working for the same organization in over 40 countries of the world, Hofstede collected cultural data and canvass his findings. He initially identified four distinct cultural dimensions that served to do one culture from another. Later he added a 5th dimension and that is how the model stands today. He pockd each country using a scurf of roughly 0 to 100 for each dimension. The higher the score, the more that dimension is exhibited in society. The Five Dimensions of CultureArmed with a large database of cultural statistics, Hofstede analyzed the results and found clear patterns of similarity and dif ference amid the responses along these louvre dimensions. Interestingly, his research was done on employees of IBM only, which allowed him to attribute the patterns to national differences in culture, more often than not eliminating the problem of differences in company culture.(http/www.mindtools.com)The pentad dimensions are1. baron/ surmount (PD) This refers to the degree of in equivalence that exists and is accepted among people with and without power. A high PD score proves that society accepts an unequal distribution of power and people understand their place in the system. offset PD means that power is shared out and well dispersed. It withal means that society fractions view themselves as equals. industriousness According to Hofstedes model, in a high PD country like Malaysia (104), you would probably send reports only to top management and have closed door meetings where only a select few, powerful leaders were in attendance.CharacteristicsTips superior PDCentra lized companies. pissed hierarchies.Large gaps in compensation, power, and respect.Acknowledge a leaders power.Be aware that you may need to go to the top for answers mild PDFlatter organizations.Supervisors and employees are considered almost as equals.Use teamworkInvolve as many people as possible in decision making.2. Individualism (IDV) This refers to the strength of the ties people have to others within the community. A high IDV score indicates a receptive connection with people. In countries with a high IDV score there is a lack of social connection and little sharing of responsibility, beyond family and perhaps a few close friends. A society with a low IDV score would have strong group cohesion, and there would be a large amount of loyalty and respect for members of the group. The group itself is also large and people take more responsibility for each others well being. Application Hofstedes analysis suggests that in the Central American countries of Panama and Guatemala where the IDV loads are very low (11 and 6, respectively), a peck campaign that emphasised benefits to the community or that tied into a best-selling(predicate) political movement would likely be understood and well-received.CharacteristicsTips extravagantly IDV richly valuation on peoples time and their need for freedom.An exercise of challenges, and an expectation of rewards for hard work. Respect for privacy.Acknowledge accomplishments.Dont ask for too much personal education.Encourage debate and expression of own ideas.Low IDVEmphasis on building skills and becoming masters of something. march for intrinsic rewards.Harmony more important than honesty.Show respect for age and wisdom.Suppress feelings and emotions to work in harmony.Respect traditions and introduce change slowly.3. masculinity (MAS) This refers to how much a society sticks with, and values, traditional male and female roles. High MAS scores are found in countries where men are pass judgment to be tough, to be the provider, to be assertive and to be strong. If women work outside the home, they have separate professions from men. Low MAS scores do not about-face the gender roles. In a low MAS society, the roles are simply blurred. You see women and men working together equally across many professions. men are allowed to be sensitive and women can work hard for professional success. Application Japan is highly masculine with a score of 95 whereas Sweden has the lowest measured value (5). According to Hofstedes analysis, if you were to open an office in Japan, you might have greater success if you appointed a male employee to lead the team and had a strong male particular on the team. In Sweden, on the other hand, you would aim for a team that was balanced in terms of skill rather than gender.CharacteristicsTipsHigh MAS workforce are masculine and women are feminine. in that respect is a well delimit distinction between mens work and womens work. Be aware that people may expect ma le and female roles to be distinct. Advise men to avoid discussing emotions or making emotionally-based decisions or arguments. Low MASA woman can do anything a man can do. billetful and successful women are admired and respected.Avoid an old boys inn mentality.Ensure job design and practices are not discriminatory to either gender. Treat men and women equally.4. dubiety/Avoidance Index (UAI) This relates to the degree of perplexity society members feel when in uncertain or un cognize situations. High UAI-scoring nations try to avoid ambiguous situations whenever possible. They are governed by rules and order and they look for a collective truth. Low UAI scores indicate the society enjoys novel events and values differences. There are very few rules and people are support to discover their own truth. Application Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions imply that when discussing a project with people in Belgium, whose country scored a 94 on the UAI scale, you should investigate the variou s options and then present a limited number of choices, but have very detailed study obtainable on your contingency and risk plans. (Note that there will be cultural differences between French and Dutch speakers in Belgium)CharacteristicsTipsHigh UAI very(prenominal) formal business conduct with lots of rules and policies. Need and expect structure. good sense of nervousness spurns high levels of emotion and expression. Differences are avoided.Be clear and neat about your expectations and parameters. Plan and prepare, communicate often and early, provide detailed plans and focus onthe tactical aspects of a job or project. Express your emotions through hands gestures and raised voices. Low UAIInformal business attitude.More concern with long term strategy than what is buy the farming on a effortless basis. Accepting of change and risk.Do not impose rules or structure unnecessarily.Minimize your emotional response by being calm and contemplating situations before speaking. Expres s curiosity when you discover differences.5. Long Term Orientation (LTO) This refers to how much society values long-standing as opposed to short term traditions and values. This is the fifth dimension that Hofstede added in the 1990s after finding that Asiatic countries with a strong link to Confucian philosophy acted differently from western cultures. In countries with a high LTO score, delivering on social obligations and avoiding loss of face are considered very important.Application According to Hofstedes analysis, people in the unify States and united Kingdom have low LTO scores. This suggests that you can pretty much expect anything in this culture in terms of creative expression and novel ideas. The model implies that people in the US and UK dont value tradition as much as many others, and are therefore likely to be willing to help you execute the most innovative plans as long as they get to participate fully. (This may be surprising to people in the UK, with its assoc iations of tradition)CharacteristicsTipsHigh LTOFamily is the basis of society.Parents and men have more say-so than young people and women. Strong work ethic.High value placed on education and training.Show respect for traditions.Do not display extravagance or act frivolously.Reward perseverance, loyalty, and commitment.Avoid doing anything that would cause another to lose face. Low LTOPromotion of equality.High creativity, individualism.Treat others as you would like to be treated.Self-actualization is sought. pass judgment to live by the same standards and rules you create.Be respectful of others.Do not hesitate to introduce necessary changes.For a list of scores by dimension per country and more detailed information about Hofstedes research, visit his http//geert-hofstede.com/. You can also find out more about his research in the books http//www.amazon.com/ and http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htm NoteHofstedes analysis is done by country. While this is valid for many countries, it does not hold in the countries where there are strong subcultures that are based on ethnicity of instauration or geography. In Canada, for instance, there is a distinct French Canadian culture that has quite a different set of norms compared to English-speaking Canada. And in Italy, masculinity scores would differ between North and South. Key PointsCultural norms play a large part in the mechanics and interpersonal relationships at work.When you grow up in a culture you take your norms of behavior for granted. You dont have to think about your reactions, preferences, and feelings. When you footstep into a foreign culture, suddenly things seem different. You dont know what to do or say. Using Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions as a starting point, you can evaluate your approach, your decisions, and actions based on a general sense of how the society might think and react to you. Of course, no society is homogenous and there will be deviations from the norms Hofstede found, however, with this as your guide you wont be going in blind. The unknown will be a little less intimidating and youll get a much-needed get along of confidence and security from studying this cultural model. Apply This to Your LifeTake some time to review the for the various cultural dimensions Hofstede identified. Pay particular attention to the countries from which the people you deal with on a day-by-day basis come. In light of these scores, think about some interactions youve had with people in other countries. Does your conversation or association make more sense given this newly found insight? Challenge yourself to learn more about one culture in particular. If your work brings you in contact with people from another country, use that country as your point of reference.Apply Hofstedes scores to what you discover and determine the accuracy and relevance for you. The next time you are required to work with a person from a different culture, use Hofstedes scores and make notes about your approach, what you should be prepared to discuss, and why you feel the way you do. Afterward, evaluate your performance and do still research and preparation for the next time. Above all, make cultural predisposition a daily part of your life. Learn to value the differences between people and vow to honor and respect the things that make each nation of people unique.Question 4Which category does Malaysia falls into?Answer 4What about Malaysia?If we explore the Malayan culture through the lens of the 5-D Model, we can get a good overview of the deep drivers of Malaysian culture relative to other world cultures. (http//predicate.wordpress.com)Power distanceThis dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal it expresses the attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that p ower is distributed unequally.Malaysia scores very high on this dimension (score of 104) which means that people accept a graded order in which everybody has a place and which needs no and justification. Hierarchy in an organisation is seen as reflecting inherent inequalities, centralization is popular, subordinates expect to be told what to do and the ideal boss is a benevolent autocrat.Challenges to the leadership are not well-received.IndividualismThe fundamental issue take aimed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. It has to do with whether peoples self-image is defined in terms of I or We. In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. In Collectivist societies people belong to in groups that take care of them in exchange for loyalty.Malaysia, with a score of 26 is a collectivized society. This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member group, be that a family, extended family or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount and overrides most other societal rules and regulations. Such a society fosters strong relationships, where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group. In collectivistic societies, offence leads to shame and loss of face. Employer/employee relationships are perceived in moral terms (like a family link), hiring and promotion take account of the employees in-group. Management is the management of groups.Masculinity / FemininityA high score (masculine) on this dimension indicates that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success, with success being defined by the winner / best in field a value system that starts in school and continues throughout organisational behaviour. A low score (feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine).At 50, Malaysia can be considered a masculine society highly success oriented and driven. In masculine countries, people live in order to work, managers are expected to be decisive, and the emphasis is on equity, competition and performance. Conflicts are resolved by fighting them out. Aclear example of this dimension is seen around election time, with ferocious, no-holds barred battles between candidates.Uncertainty avoidanceThe dimension Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known should we try to control the future or just let it happen? This ambiguity brings with it anxiety and different cultures have learnt to deal with this anxiety in different ways. The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambi guous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the UAI score.Malaysia scores 36 on this dimension and thus has a low preference for avoiding uncertainty. Low UAI societies maintain a more relaxed attitude in which practice counts more than principles and deviance from the norm is more easily tolerated. In societies exhibiting low UAI, people believe there should be no more rules than are necessary and if they are ambiguous or do not work, they should be abolished or changed. Schedules are flexible, hard work is underinterpreted when necessary but not for its own sake. Precision and punctuality do not come naturally, innovation is not seen as threatening. Long term orientationThe long term orientation dimension is closely related to the teachings of Confucius and can be interpreted as dealing with societys search for virtue, the extent to which a society shows a pragmatic future-oriented perspective rather than a conventi onal historical short-term point of view. (http//predicate.wordpress.com, http//predicate.wordpress.com/about, http//predicate.wordpress.com/writers-notebook)No score available for Malaysia on this dimension.Geert Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions on MalaysiaMalaysiaFact File ex officio name MalaysiaPopulation 23,522,482* (July 2004 est.)Official Language Bahasa Malaysia (also known as Bahasa Melayu and the Malay language). English, Chinese dialects, and Tamil are also widely spoken. Currency Ringgit (MYR) seat of government city Kuala Lumpurgross domestic product purchasing power parity $207.8 billion* (2004 est.)gross domestic product Per Capita purchasing power parity $9,000* (2004 est.) OverviewSince the beginning of its history, Malaysia has been a meeting place for a diverse range of external cultures and religions. As a result of these external influences, a new unified but distinguished Malay culture has emerged. Contemporary Malaysia represents a unique fusion of Malay, Chinese, and Indian traditions, creating a pluralistic and multicultural nation that has its character strongly rooted in social harmony, religion and pride in its ancestral background. With such a rich cultural heritage, acquiring the relevant skills and cultural knowledge in order to conduct business in Malaysia is crucial to your success.Following age of confrontation in search of independence, Malaysia was established in September 1963 through the union of the Independent Federation of Malay, the former British colonies of Singapore and the eastmost Malaysian States of Sabah and Sarawak. Over the last few decades the country has evolved from a successful producer of raw materials to a multi sphere of influence prudence. Today, Malaysia offers a unique blend of old traditional culture and new technological innovations. As the Malaysian market continues to develop and prosper, it is becoming increasingly valuable for those entering into business in Malaysia to be aware of the c ultural dimensions that shape the fabric of this countryCultureFace A vital element of Malaysian culture, as with most Asian cultures, is the concept of face. In Malaysian society to lose face, that is to lose control of ones emotions or to show overplus in public, is perceived as a negative display of behavior. Malaysians will use a number of methods in order to save face. Laughter, for instance, is often used to mask ones true feelings and can reveal numerous emotions including nervousness, shyness or disapproval. Saving face is oddly crucial in business contexts as causing your Malaysian counterpart to lose face may influencethe outcome of your future business dealings.High context culture In high context cultures such as Malaysia meaning is often more explicit and less direct than in many westerly cultures. This means that words are less important and greater attention must be given to extra forms of communication such as voice tone, body language, eye-contact and facial expressions. In Malaysia, because business is personal and based on trust, developing relationships rather than exchanging facts and information is the main objective of communication. This also relates to the Malay cultural values of courtesy, tolerance, harmony and face. Direct answers, particularly negative ones, are avoided in order to prevent disagreement and preserve harmony two very important aspects of Malaysian culture.Fatalism Malaysian culture is centered on the diverse religious values of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam and as such relies heavily on the concept of fatalism. Fatalism is the belief that success, failures, opportunities and misfortunes result from fate or the will of God. In a business context, when formulating ideas and making decisions Malays, who are predominantly Muslim, will tend not to rely on empirical evidence or hard facts, but prefer to be guided by subjective feelings combined with the Islamic faith. Your Chinese and Indian colleagues will also t ake a similar approach since feelings and emotions play a significant part in their business culture. Consequently, negotiations may take longer than expected and your Malaysian counterparts will view decision making in a more personal light.EconomyThe Malaysian economy slowed sharply in the first half of 2005, but the outlook for the course of study as a whole and over the medium-term remains broadly favorable. The interim in the pace of economic activity, which began in the third quarter of 2004, act in 2005.1 Year-on-year maturation was sustained at 5.8 per centumage in Q1 2005, (Q4 2004 5.8 percent) and declined to 4.1 percent in Q2 2005, below market expectations. As a result, real GDP growth declined to 4.9 percent in the first half of 2005. On a year-on-year basis, the decline in economic activity was affected by negative components from mining (-1.6 percent) and construction (-2 percent), and a sharply lower positive contribution from manufacturing output (3.2 percent ), and growth was driven mostly by the services sector (5.4 percent).On the expenditure side, the lower contribution to overall growth from external demand was partially offset by buoyant domestic demand, which spread out by 5.8 percent, underpinned by continued strong growth in nonpublic consumption (8.7 percent) and gross fixed capital formation (4.5 percent). A retrieval in external demand for electronic and electrical (E&E) products is expected in the second half of 2005, and domestic demand will receive a get ahead boost from the mild stimulus measures announced in the 2006 Budget.2 Thus, medium-term prospects remain broadly positive, with the economy expected to grow by 5 percent in 2005, 5_-.5_ percent in 2006, and 5_-6 percent through 2008.Political remainsThe different postulates of the Federation of Malaysia became separatist from the United Kingdom and Singapore at different times the 11 Malay peninsular states in 1957 and the Borneo states of Sabah and Sarawak in 1 963. The predominantly Chinese island-city of Singapore split off from Malaysia in 1965. Malaysia is an independent member of the Commonwealth. The supreme head of state or king, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, is elected every five years by the nine hereditary Malay rulers of Western Malaysia. At election time, each state ruler is asked whether or not he wishes to run for the kingship.If there is only one candidate, he becomes king if he receives at least five affirmative votes from the other rulers otherwise, a new candidate is sought. When there is more than one candidate, the ballots are taken in the order of a rotation system. The ruler of the last of the nine states to be represented in the kingship since independence, Sultan Azlan Shah, was elected in frame 1989. As in most parliamentary systems, political power resides in the cabinet, headed by the prime minister.The king appoints the cabinet from the 177-member House of Representatives, or Dewan Rakyat, whose representatives ar e elected by universal adult suffrage every five years. The other half of the Malaysian bicameral legislature is the 69-member Senate, or Dewan Negara, comprising two members elected by the legislatures of each of the states, and the remaining 43 senators appointed by the king, all for six-year terms. Political parties have mainly been formed along ethnic and religious divisions. Since independence, the Malaysian government has been controlled by a multiracial compaction of political parties called the National Front, or Barisan Nasional, of which Prime Minister Mahathirs party, the United Malays National Organization (UNMO), is the largest partner.Trade SystemMalaysia experiences a rapid growth and its remarkably quick and strong recovery from the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Members of the condescension policy review body attributed this impressive economic performance to sound macroeconomic policies, structural reforms, especially in the corporate and financial sectors, and lu sh growth in exports.Some Members wondered about the timing and effectiveness of Malaysias capital and exchange control measures implemented in the wake of the Asian crisis and the pegging of the ringitt to the U.S. dollar, measures that Malaysia saw as appropriate for stabilizing markets and building confidence. Members expressed the apply that temporary relaxation behavior measures introduced during the review period would be made perpetual. Members also sought Malaysias views on the need to diversify its exports, nearly half of which involve electronics. Members commended Malaysia for its strong support for and commitment to the multilateral job system, and expressed their hope that it would actively participate in the Doha phylogeny Agenda.As regards Malaysias pursuit of trade liberalization in regional fora, particularly ASEAN, some Members noted that the gap between MFN and preferential tariff rates applied to imports from ASEAN countries constituted a potential source of trade diversion, although Malaysia did not believe that this has actually happened. Members expressed their appreciation of Malaysias relative openness to trade and foreign direct investment and its continued liberalization efforts in these areas. In particular, Members commended Malaysia for its efforts to sign up tariffs, simplify the tariff structure, and abolish all local-content requirements (except those for the automotive sector).At the same time, concerns were raised over the fact that about one-third of Malaysias tariff lines were unbound and the output gap between bound rates and applied MFN rates, which had permitted Malaysia to increase tariff protection for certain products, thereby raising the simple average of MFN tariffs during the review period. Malaysia noted that this widening gap between bound and applied MFN tariff rates was the resultant role of unilateral tariff reductions and that the import-weighted tariff average had declined some other Members felt t hat such a gap provided developing nations with a degree of tractability in undertaking trade liberalization and other economic reforms. Members also urged Malaysia to reduce the scope of its non-automatic licensing system. It was noted that state-owned enterprises continued to play an important role in Malaysias economy and that the authorities might need measures to assure a pro-competitive climate in the sectors where such enterprises were prevalent.Some Members encourage Malaysia to accede to the Agreement on Government Procurement. On sectoral issues, Members noted the production line between the openness and economic performance of the electronics and automotive industries the much more open electronics industry had performed much better than the automotive industry, which was protected by high tariffs and non-tariff measures, including import licensing. Members urged Malaysia to bring forward the abolition of local-content requirements for motor vehicles. Moreover, Members encouraged Malaysia to continue its liberalization of the services sector, particularly financial services and telecommunications. In addition, Members also sought further clarification on, inter alia the possibility of an ASEAN chinaware free trade agreement effectiveness of investment guarantee agreementsgreater use of ad valorem import dutiesmeasures affecting exportsfurther progress in competition policytransparency in government procurementenforcement of cerebral property rightsstandards and licensing concerning various agricultural products and recognition of qualifications in education and legal services. Members expressed their appreciation of the responses provided by the delegation of Malaysia during the meeting, and looked forward to later replies to some questions. In conclusion, this Review has provided Members with a much better understanding of Malaysias trade and trade-related policies and of their role in fostering Malaysias economic development and helping it t o cope with shocks, such as the Asian financial crisis.Malaysias recovery has apparently been greatly facilitated by Members adherence to the principles of the multilateral trading system and thus their willingness to keep their economies open to Malaysias exports. Members encouraged Malaysia to further liberalize and diversify its economy. In this context, I, along with Members, look forward to Malaysias continued support for future efforts to liberalize the multilateral trading system. licit SystemThe legal system of Malaysia was modeled after the English legal system which practices parliamentary democracy and is ruled by a complete Monarchy, with His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (the King) ceremonially as the doubtfulness of the country. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by the conclave of Rulers for a five-year term from amongst the hereditary Rulers of the nine states in the Federation which are ruled by Sultans. The states are Perlis, Kedah, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Johor, Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan.In the other states, namely Melaka, Pulau Pinang, Sabah and Sarawak, the Head of State is the Yang di-Pertua Negeri or Governor of the State. The Yang di-Pertua Negeri is appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for a four-year term. The federal official Constitution of Malaysia clearly divides the law-making authority of the Federation into its legislative authority, judicial authority and executive authority. The separation of power also occurs both at federal and state levels. The federal laws enacted by the federal assembly or better known as the Parliament of Malaysia applies throughout the country. There are also state laws governing local governments and Islamic law enacted by the state legislative assembly which applies in the particular state.Malaysian Business CultureWorking practices in MalaysiaWhen scheduling business meetings in Malaysia one must take into consideration the importance of prayer times in this predominantly Muslim country. Fridays are a particularly religious day of the week and if possible meetings should not be scheduled for this time. Attitude to punctuality varies match to which nationality you are doing businesswith. The Chinese for example expect punctuality, whereas both ethnic Malays and Indian business people have a more relaxed attitude towards time. As a general rule, you will be expected to be punctual therefore it is advised to arrive to business appointments on time. If your business in Malaysia requires interaction with Malaysian government officials, ensure that all communication takes place in the language of Bahasa Malaysia. The majority of transactions and correspondence with Malaysian companies however, will generally be conducted in English.Structure and Hierarchy in Malaysian Companies.Regardless of the size or nature of the company, hierarchy is an intrinsical part of Malaysian business culture. Malaysian companies generally follow a vertical hierarchical stru cture where authority is directed from the top. In guardianship with Malaysian culture, titles and job descriptions play a significant part in many Malaysian companies. They are important for employees in order to emphasize the line of authority within the business.Working Relationships in MalaysiaMalaysians respect for authority is evident in most business dealings. The relationship between subordinates and their superiors for example is distinct and highly official. Malaysians do not address their bosses by their first name, but use titles such as Mr and Madam followed by their honorific form of address. Relationships between Malaysian business colleagues are based on mutual respect and, as such, the same procedure used when addressing their superiors is also applied with their Malaysian business colleagues. Malaysia Business Part 2 Doing Business in MalaysiaBusiness Practices in MalaysiaWhen meeting your Malaysian counterparts for the first time, a firm handshake is the standar d form of greeting. However, you should only shake hands with a Malaysian businesswoman if she initiates the gesture. Otherwise a nod or a single bow is appropriate. With such an array of cultures in Malaysia addressing Malaysians properly can be difficult. It is advised to find out in advance how you should address the person you are to meet. Generally speaking, a Malays first name is individually given, while the second andthird name indicate those of the father and the grandfather. In some cases the words bin (son) or binti (daughter) can be added after the given name.Gifts are not usually exchanged as they may be perceived as a bribe. However, in the event that you are presented with a gift, it is customary to accept it with both hands and wait until you have left your Malaysian colleagues before opening it. Be sure to reciprocate with a gift of equal value in order to avoid loss of face.Business cards are customarily exchanged after an initial introduction in Malaysia. Since a large proportion of Malaysian business people are Chinese, it will be useful if your card is printed in both English and Chinese and that dilate of your education, professional qualifications, and business title are included. Cards should be presented and received with both hands, and time should always be spent examining the information before placing it on the table or in a briefcase.Malaysian Business Etiquette (Dos and Donts)_ DO be patient with your Malaysian counterparts during business negotiations. The process is often a long and detailed one that should not be hastened. _ DO remain polite and demonstrate good etiquette at all times. Elderly Malaysian business people for example should be treated with respect and always acknowledged before younger members of the organization. This is an substantive part of achieving successful business dealings in Malaysia. _ DO take time to establish productive business relationships with your Malaysian colleagues. Initial meetings are ge nerally orientated towards developing such relationships and will be keep throughout and beyond the negotiations.Without them, your business plans may be fruitless. X put one overT assume that a signed contract signifies a final agreement. It is common for negotiations to continue after a contract has been signed. X jadeT be surprised if your Malaysian counterparts ask what you may consider to be personal questions. In Malaysia, asking people about their weight, income and married status for example, is not uncommon and is viewed as an acceptable approach to initial conversations. X DONT enter into businesswith a Malaysian company without a letter of introduction from a bank or mutual acquaintance. This will help your request for a future meeting, as Malaysians prefer to conduct business with those they are familiar with.Geert Hofstede Cultural DimensionsThere is a high correlation between the Muslim religion and the Hofstede Dimensions of Power Distance (PDI) and Uncertainty Avo idance (UAI) scores. The combination of these two high scores (UAI) and (PDI) create societies that are highly rule-oriented with laws, rules, regulations, and controls in order to reduce the amount of uncertainty, while inequalities of power and wealth have been allowed to grow within the society. These cultures are more likely to follow a caste system that does not allow significant upward mobility of its citizens. When these two Dimensions are combined, it creates a situation where leaders have virtually ultimate power and authority, and the rules, laws and regulations developed by those in power, reinforce their own leadership and control. It is not unusual for new leadership to arise from armed insurrection the ultimate power, rather than from diplomatic or democratic change.Analysis Using Hofstedes Cultural DimensionsPower Distance Index (PDI), High Suggests that the degree to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and exp ect that power is distributed unevenly. This represents high inequality. It implies that a societys level of inequality is allowed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Individualism (IDV), Low Collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are inte-grated into groups. Given that the IDV index of Malaysia is low, it is implied that communism is more manifested than individualism in its culture. On the individualist side we find societies in which the ties between individuals are loose everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from parturition onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The word collectivism in this sense has no political meaning it refers to thegroup, not to the state.Masculinity (MAS), total There is no eminent d istinction of how roles are distributed in Malaysia as according to gender. The index shows moderately-low to average in terms of masculinity. The gap between the two gender roles is not that great which may signify equality between the roles.Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), Moderately-Low Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to reduce the chance of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth. Malaysia exhibits a moderately-low index, which suggests that the society has a tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. The society might be relatively comfortable in unstructured situations which are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual.REFERENCEShttp//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htmhttp//geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.htmlhttp//youcouldbelievethis.blogspot.sg/2010/02/geert-hofstedes-cultural-dimensions.htmlhttp//www.hraljournal.com/Page/18%20Lieh-Ching%20Chang. pdfhttp//weissnegotiation.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Negotiating-with-Fgn-Busi_persons.pdfhttp//2vancouver.com/en/articles/cultural-differences-between-canada-japanhttp//www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Cultural-Differences-Between-Japan-And-Canada/66039http//www.intercultures.ca/cil-cai/ci-ic-eng.asp?iso=jp