Aristotle & Socrates Essay

ism comes from the Grecian roots meaning the love of wisdom. Philosophers atomic number 18 psyches who have a make need to pursue wisdom. Since the beginning of time, wise man and women have consecrate themselves to asking Big Questions. Depending on the questions, there atomic number 18 various areas of doctrine including metaphysics, epistemological, axiology, ethics, aesthetics, political school of thought, sociable philosophy, and logic. Homework Make a Creative bureau of someone (fictional or real) you consider a wise person. Be disposed(p) to present it in class and explain what characteristics make a person wise.Archetypes Archetypes are basic images that represent our conception of the essence of a legitimate kind of person. usu everyy considered to be shared by wholly of mankindity throughout time. Philosophical archetypes are philosophers who express an original or influential point of view in a way that significantly affects subsequent philosophers and non -philosophers. Western philosophy has been dominated by males of European ancestry. Relativism- Relativism is the judgement that go to bedledge is finalized by specific qualities of the observer.In other words, implicit (universal) acquaintance of the truth is impossible one opinion is as safe(p) as a nonher. ism week 2 Pre- Socratic philosophy Asian sages and the sage The Sage The sage is an archetypal fig. Who combines religious rapture with a love of wisdom? Found in ancient Asia, they are the oldest philosophical archetypes, identifying happiness and t each(prenominal)(prenominal)ing the untroubled life. Asian cosmology is not based on empirical (numbers, data, statistics) or scientific evidence.It contends (argues) that every liaison is workingharmoniously, succeeding(a) the Tao (Force or flow of energy in life), or the path or the way There is no separation amongst heaven and earth, cleric and human, still is working together all is one reality containing yin a nd yang. Yin represents earth, weakness, darkness, negative, and destruction. Yang represents heaven, strength, light, positivist and construction. One cannot live without the other, keeping the universe in symmetricalness. Think Lao-tzu Confucius Siddhartha Gautama The Sophists (Meaning overbold in Greek) First professional educators, Charged fee to teach.Argued that the difference between a good and bad argument is custom and individual preference, nada is bad or good in nature. They argued for relativism, both cultural and individual. daybook 3 Read pages 59-60 Reflect upon ways you have been a victim of ethnocentrism. Reflect upon ways you are ethnocentric Reflect ways the States is ethnocentric. Since 911. The Person Socrates (470-399 B. C. E) was the first major western philosopher. He wrote no philosophy and what we know of him comes chiefly from his pupils Plato and Xenophon.Socrates challenged the sophists doctrines of relativism and moral realism he often taught that truelove and goodness determined by utility (If it serves a purpose) His Teachings Socrates is roughly removed-famed for his style of philosophical inquiry cognize as the Socratic system or dialectic. Education is supposed to draw knowledge out of you kind of of riding with you like an empty vessel. Among his teachings, his nigh persistent command was know you. Believing an unexamined life was not price livelihood, he saw himself as a kind of Physician of the intelligence. He believed that the real person is not the body, but the physics-mind-soul. Journal 5 Read the trial and death of Socrates on pages 110-115 How does death and his art of dying relate to his teachings History Plato was a part of the Athenian aristocracy and Socratess roughly favorite and important bookman Athenian democracy was ir noetic mob rule. Founded famous academy to tutor wise rulers In Platos metaphysics, the highest level of reality consists of timeless essences called work outs. Platonic f orms are independently existing, noncapital some-things Plato divided reality into to both worlds dualism.The highest level of reality is eternal and changeless macrocosm. The other is the evolving somatic world, known as the coming gibe to Plato the sophists could not discover truth because they were heedless with the world of ever changing perceptions and customs. For Plato the chief distinction between knowledge and opinion is that knowledge is fixed, absolute and eternally true. Whereas opinion is unanchored and changeable. According to wind opinion lives in the realm of becoming truth and knowledge are found on the level of being. The Divided line 133-135.The simile of the solarize 135-137 The Allegory of the cvae137-139 The divided line A+B= World of Forms (Being, Knowledgeable) C+D= Physical world (Becoming Opinion) Metaphysics Epistemology(study of knowledge) Higher Forms(Example the good) A Understanding pull down Forms(Example Form human) B Reasoning Sensible Objects (Example grow Teresa) C. Perception Images(Example Mother Teresas Photograph) D. Imagination Simile of the sun Plato compared the absolute form of the good to the sun the good makes the humanity of everything else possible.The good cannot t be observe by the five senses and can be known single by pure thought or intelligence. It is the source of both the value and the existence of all other forms. Allegory of the cave In the allegory for the cave, Plato categorise troika levels of awareness by referring to tether distinct levels of reality two levels of becoming and one ultimate level of being. concluding level No imagination or perception In create level Wider range of basic understanding. Awakening Highest level Soul has no need for perception or interpretation.The Republic (Socrates book for perfect utopia) Plato agreed that there is a interactive relationship between the individual and the kind of society in which he or she lives. The beliefl state, for Pl ato, meets three basic characteristics 1) Nourishing of necessity, 2) Protection needs 3) Ordering needs These needs are best met by three classes Workers, Warriors, Guardians or Philosopher Kings. The republic contrasts two views of morality. The instrumental theory of morality asserts that adept and wrong must be determined by the consequences our actions produce.The functionalist theory of morality holds that right and wrong can only be understood in terms of the way they affect our overall functioning as human beings. According to Plato, the just state functions fully the unjust state is dysfunctional, only when all classes of people are virtuous according to their natures is the state whole, healthy, equilibrize and just. In order to be a just human being, balanced. Virtuous. temperance, courage, wisdom, justice(essence and balance of the soul) Plato thought the worst kind of Gov. was a tyranny. And democracy was a tyranny. republic makes dwarfish tyrants out of everybody . Journal 6 According to Platos philosophy, recreate answer these questions Carefully explain the relationship of the individual to the state in Platos Republic. Why is the relationship significant? What does Plato see as the most unjust type of person and state? Do you agree? apologise. Explain the origin and nature of democracy according to plan. Aristotle The person Aristotle was Platos most illustrious student and went on to be the personal tutor of horse parsley the great. He eventually created his own school called the lyceum.In contrast to Plato, Aristotle introduced the idea of naturalistic or scientific knowledge gained from collecting facts and usual factual info to make the world a better place. Aristotle was a naturalist. naive realism if the belief that reality consists of the natural world and that the universe is ordered. Everything follows discoverable laws of nature. His Philosophy Aristotle believed that form and matter can be intellectually separated but canno t live independently in reality. The form of something is called its essence. Matter is the common physical material stuff but it has no distinct characteristics without a form. Aristotelic form is that which is in matter and makes thing is what that is. So, individual things are formed matter. Aristotle argued that complete understanding of a thing required identifying its four causes. beginning(a) cause Material cause, the material thing is made of pass water baronial cause. The form the thing takes cause Efficient cause, the triggering motion that begins the thing Cause Final cause, the Telis, or the ultimate purpose for which the thing exists. In living things, Aristotle called the final cause, Entelechy, meaning having its purpose within.He believed every living thing had an inner urge or a drive to become its uncomparable self. He believed nature was ordered and guided internally. Journal 7 pass on the quotes on page 153. Please write a few paragraphs for each one descr ibing what they mean to you and how they relate to you. For Aristotle, psyche or soul is the form of the body. Soul is entelechy. Like every other instance of form and matter, for Aristotle the soul cant be separated from the body and its body and its impossible to affect the body without also affecting the soul or to affect the soul without affecting the body.Aristotle taught that humans had a hierarchy of three kinds of souls, each higher(prenominal) level containing the aspects of the lower levels 1st level Lowest soul called vegetative or Nutritive, responsibility for absorption 2nd Level the sentient or sensitive soul, registers all info regarding form of other things. 3rd Level Highest Soul found in humans only, called rational soul, and includes the other two plus the capabilities for analysis, understanding relationships and decision-making. According to Aristotle the good is that which all things aim.It is their entelechy Eudemonia which often translated to happiness means being really alive alternatively than just existing. According to Aristotle happiness requires activity good habits and practical wisdom. Aristotelian moderation is based on the concept of wisdom impinging the retick between too much and not enough Virtue consists of hitting the motley fool or the mean but vice consist of being off by too much (excess) or too little (Deficiency) Journal 8 Read pages 172-176 Explain the importance of hitting the mark and character to Aristotles concept of happiness What is the principle of meaning?Philosophy study guide Academy- Alexander the Great An Unexamined Life Aristotelian Forms Aristotles Hierarchy of souls Aristotles Idea of a Good life Aristotles Teacher Entelechy Hitting the mark Lyceum Naturalism Platos 3 classes of people Platos feelings toward democracy Democracy Platos four aboriginal virtues Platos teacher Platonic Forms Simile of the sun Socrates Death excoriate Temperance The republic Three levels of human souls Tyranny diar y 1 Wisdom Knowledge Theoretical Knowledge Practical Knowledge effect Mere Belief Willed Ignorance Definition and Examplesjournal 2 Write how each of the eightsome paths are relevant in todays world journal 4 Socrates electric shock effect on Athens government issueed in death, however it gave him a place in history as a great thinker wise sage. From pages 87-95, read each quote in the margins Please write the quote that shocks you and Reflect upon its meaning to you. Absolute truth is Truth with a capital T. What do we know so far? Modern Philosophy(How do you know that its true? ) After Christianity began to grow, most Europeans turned to god as the ultimate source of wisdom and the church service as the ultimate authority.However, by the 17th century scientific ad advancements and the decline of the authority of a single church began the era of groundbreaking philosophy. It was a shift from metaphysics to epistemology. Rene Descartes(1596-1650) is the father of philoso phy. He came up with rationalism. Dcccd. edu then go to student services, then libraries. 3 ears of Western Philosophy- 1 Classical, what is truth? essentialism Modern- How do you know its true? rationalism Rationalism is the epistemological military strength in which reason is said to be the primary source of all knowledge.Rationalist believe in the coherence theory of truth that revolutionary or unclear ideas should be evaluated in terms of rational or logical consistency and in relation to already established truth. Rationalism says that abstract reasoning can produce absolutely certain truths nigh reality and that some truths can be discovered without observation, experiment or bewilder. These truths are innate ideas or a priori ideas. A priori can be known without experience or experiment but Posteriori ideas are derived from experience and experiment.However he arrived at the cogito, ergo sum, latin for I think, indeed I am. This, along with a satisfactory belief in god , stood as his undoubtable truth. Journal 9 Please do the philosophical queries(Green Boxes) on pgs. 252 and 253 Jeremy Bentham- resurrected hedonism, in direct response to the conservative ruling class in Britain. The result he created the superior happiness principle also known as the Principle of Utility, that states we should always act to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.Benthams hedonic calculus was a crude method of reducing test to simple calculation of units of pleasure versus units of pain. Psychological hedonism- pain and pleasure determine what we shall do Ethical hedonism- pain and pleasure point to what we ought to do. Bentham extended the honorable reach of the pleasure principle beyond the human community to any(prenominal) creature with the capacity to suffer. He argued that insisting that animals lack moral worth was akin to racism. John stuart mill He believed that there is an empirical priming coat supporting his claim that refined pleas ures to crude ones.Mill disagreed with Bentham that all motives are egotistic and based his more refined philosophy in the social feelings of all people for unity with each other. Mill believed in the supposition of altruism, the capacity to promote wellbeing of others, he argued that the lack of altruistic feelings and ignorance of the higher pleasures were products of poor education and harsh conditions, not quality of human nature. According to mill, the selfishness and lack of mental cultivation are the chief causes of unhappiness, and can be cured with a proper education and legislation.